At last there was a goal to work for, and with ebbing
morale flooding back again the Regiment moved down to a new training
area at Fritton, inland from Great Yarmouth, where there was a chain
of extensive waterways and lakes. The significance of these became
apparent simultaneously with the revelation of the “secret
device” promised by the Divisional Commander: the tanks were
to become amphibious.
Flotation was achieved by means of a collapsible
canvas screen fitted to the tank’s hull just above the running
gear. When erected, by compressed air, the screen was held taut
by struts and compressed air tubes, and enveloped the vehicle completely
above the tracks. The watertight canvas walls provided extra displacement
to discount the total weight of the tank and thus enabled it to
float. On landing, the screen could be instantly collapsed by a
quick-release device, and the tank was ready for action. At first
there were some ribald comments about the curious appearance of
the “swimming tank” with its screen erected ashore -
it looked like a mobile field latrine - but when afloat with only
about three feet of the screen showing above the water line it seemed
to be transformed into an innocent canvas boat, with no hint of
the lethal weapon beneath. Swimming power was provided by small
propellers at the stern, which could be engaged and disengaged by
the driver, and thus the amphibious vehicle was known as a DD tank
(Duplex Drive). Of course this new device had an obvious snag: should
the screen be badly damaged “at sea”, the tank would
assuredly plummet to the bottom, its crew trapped in conditions
worse than a “subsmash”. Some moral backing for crews
was therefore provided, and in addition to rather light-hearted
navigational exercises on the Fritton lakes, officers and men of
the 4th/7th Dragoon Guards now found themselves subjected to submarine
training with the Davis Escape Apparatus and a mock-up tank hull
which could be flooded at the bottom of a shaft. Captain Alastair
Morrison recalls these horrors:
Clad in wet overalls, down the dripping ladder we
would climb, into the turret. A wave and an unseen hand would release
a deluge of water, which roared and swirled round the ears. Nose-clips
on, breathe out, mouthpiece in, switch on oxygen, and you lived
again. Kick the driver: out of his hatch he would vanish; tap the
gunner, then the operator. They would float gently past and upwards,
followed at last by the Commander (in true Naval tradition).
Initial amphibious training was done with the Valentine
tank (Infantry Tank Mark III), but in July 1943 the Regiment at
last began to receive the AFVs with which they would fight the rest
of die war. These were the American-built Shermans, subsequently
acknowledged as the best allied tanks of the war - even though out-gunned
and out-armoured by much of the German opposition. If the old Covenanter
had seemed a winner after the puny little Mark VI Light, this newcomer
was surely a killer: “a most heartening sight” said
John Stirling.
In fighting trim the Sherman weighed nearly 32 tons,
had a maximum armour thickness of 76mm, and was powered by twin
diesel engines which gave it a road speed of about 29 mph. But the
most impressive feature was the hard-hitting 75mm gun, stabilised
in elevation, and backed up with one coax .30in Browning and another,
ball-mounted, in the bow. A third heavy MG was mounted in the turret
for anti-aircraft defence, but this was scarcely ever used. There
was adequate room for the crew of five: Commander, gunner and operator-loader
in the turret, and driver and co-driver (or hull-gunner) forward
in the bow. The Sherman boasted all the latest ‘mod. cons.’
not before seen by the Regiment. The electrically-traversed turret
could be swung through 180 degrees in nine seconds flat; the main
armament was also electrically controlled and the gunner could fire
his weapons merely by treading on a foot-button; each crew member
had a rotatable periscope which gave him a good field of view when
closed down. The Number 19 wireless set was a vast improvement on
the old Number 9, being in fact three sets in one: the main transmitter-receiver
was the ‘A’ set, used for long-range work such as a
rear-link contact; the ‘B’ set was for short-range work
- inter-Troop communication and contact with accompanying infantry
- while the ‘IC’, or Intercom, was of course for inter-crew
speech.